"Overunity" Devices

By now, it is obvious to me that the so called "overunity" devices as demonstrated by Tariel Kapanadze, Floyd Sweet, Steven Mark, Don Smith, Alfred Hubbard, SR193 and others, draw their energy from the nuclei located in material which forms a part of the device. They are, in effect, conversion devices, converting excess energy of the nuclei to electricity and/or heat. In these devices, the fuel materials tend to be selected such as to have a nonzero spin, typically: copper, brass, aluminium, alloys of iron and the like. Therefore it has been speculated that Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) may play a significant role in the process of energy extraction from these materials through magnetic manipulation of their nuclei. In time, after many experiments, the conclusion was that the magnetic resonance alone, i.e. flipping of nuclei (transitions between various states of nuclear precession) with radio frequency, may only influence extremely unstable nuclei and make them beta decay (beta NMR). This phenomenon may be useful in some methods of energy generation, but the NMR method, in the case of power extraction from metals, suffers from some fundamental problems. In metals, the depth of penetration of RF energy is very limited due to eddy currents. This, in principle, limits the amount of volume of the material that experiences transitions between precession states. In general, it is accepted that only the spins of nuclei located in the skin layer of thickness δ take part in the resonance absorption of energy of the varying magnetic field. That is: